(Supporting 121) 124 B. G. Buchanan, D. H. Smith, W.C. White, R. Gritter, E. A. Feigenbaum, J. Ledergerg, and C. Djerassi, 1976Implemented Model:DENRAL. DENRAL is an expert system that analyzes and identifies chemical compounds by forming and testing hypotheses from experimental data. Meta-DENRAL, a component of DENRAL, has discovered how to synthesize previously unknown chemical compounds as well as entirely new rules of chemical analysis. It even has a publication to its credit.
(支持115)Harry Collins, 1964科学理性要求社会契约。计算机不能进行科学理性思考因为它们不是社会成员。科学规律和数据并不是算法运用的结果,而是通过谈判的过程得以实现。
(支持115)Carl Hempel, 1985计算机不能引入新的名词或解释性理论。计算机不具有原创性因为它不能引入新的理论名词和原理。计算机的发现都局限于那些能够被程序固定的词汇和概念工具所表述的东西。人类发现则包含了不能被已有概念所定义的新的名词和原理。
1. Common start point by Alan Turing (omitted)
(Supporting 115) 116. Harry Collins, 1964Scientific reasoning requires social agreement. Computers cannot reason scientifically because they are not members of society. Scientific laws and data do not follow from the application of an algorithm, but are developed through quasipolitical process of negotiation. (It seems social agreement here does indicate the term in the sense as it's used in social science; that may lead to a larger political/historical philosophical question whether (original) scientific discoveries and achievements (of a nation, lets say) should strongly relate to or depend on the extent of the social development or evolution; although to the translator, it seems the case according to the most apparent historical facts and thus it makes more sense when the question is interpreted this way -- translator)

即便是,我们进行一定程度上解耦,把两次登陆时间差值的范围改动一下,但只要还是依赖于系统时间的判断,那么这个依赖关系就是无法解除。
(Supporting 115) 120. Carl Hempel, 1985Computers can't adequately evaluate hypotheses.A computer model of scientific discovery would have to use a criterion of preference to choose between hypotheses that account for available data equally well. But criteria of preference tend to be imprecise and idiosyncratic, so it is unlikely that such a criterion could be implemented on a computer.
The link to the part of the map this discussion is about:
本文简单说了一下我对B/S系统限制登录功能的一点实现,从网上看到好多关于单点登录的讨论,也有好多人把单点登录和限制登录的概念搞混了。
(反驳118)Richard Scheines, 1988计算机能引入新名词。计算机能通过适用自动化合理解释原理引入新的名词。这点已经通过一个能使用合理解释原理而在“因果模型”领域中产生新名词的程序而解释,而“因果模型”是一组在社会科学中受欢迎的数学理论。
(支持121)Pat Langley, Hubert Simon, Gary Bradshaw, and Jan Zytkow, 1987实现模型:BACON。一个从已有数据中通过运用启发性方法发现规律的程序。BACON已经发现了行星运动的开普了定律,统一加速的伽利略定律,以及电阻的欧姆定律。注:BACON的发展史非常复杂并可以追溯到1960年代。
(Disputing 118) 119. Richard Scheines, 1988Computers can introduce new terms.Computers can introduce new terms using automated principles of explanatory adequacy. This has been shown using a program that uses explanatory adequacy principles to introduce new terms in the domain of "causal models" -- a class of mathematical theories popular in social science.
问题10
我们现在新版本的登录限制实现思路,是通过Session和Cache来交互使用。Session是单用户的会话状态,当用户访问网站时,便会产生一个SessionId,并存在于Cookies中,每次向服务器请求,便会发送这个Cookies,再从服务器端检索是否有这个SessionId保存的数据,我们在项目中每个页面都会判断是否Sission值为null。Cache是在服务器端的缓存,能够被所有用户访问和共享。

虽然说这样做,一定程度上满足了限制登录的要求,但是实际的使用体验中,还是感觉不方便,就如我们这个项目,目前大多数还是单店运行,没有并网运行,若在排除恶意操作,那么我们很多的验证、限制操作设计便无用。但是,我们不能按照自己的思路来做设计,要尽量多的为用户着想,他们会容易犯什么样的错误,我们要全部规避、有所防范,总之就是一切从客户角度出发。 还有,我们在与客户交流沟通的时候要去合理的的引导他们正确、规范的使用我们的软件,而不是简单一说,随意为之。
Can Computers Think? The History and Status of the Debate - Map 1 of 7
(反驳115)计算机已经能够进行科学理性思考。已经有计算机系统能像科学家那样思考,提出解释性假设并从中进行选择。
(支持115)Carl Hempel, 1985计算机不能恰当地评估假设。一个科学发现计算机模型必须适用一个优选准则从一组能对已有数据作出相同程度合理解释的假设中作出选择。不过这样的优选准则倾向于不精确并且比较怪异,因此这样的准则能在计算机上实现的可能性不大。
经过思考,我给新版本添加了一个超级用户,就是用来处理用户着急登录系统而系统提示“用户正在登录中”这样的问题。思路很简单,用户依旧使用自己的Id登录系统,如下图。登录系统之后,直接进行<退出系统>操作,这样把服务器端的Cache缓存信息清除。这样用户就可以再次重新登录了。
(Disputing 1) 115.Computers can't reason scientifically. Computers are unable to think and reason as human scientists do.
(支持121)B. G. Buchanan, D. H. Smith, W.C. White, R. Gritter, E. A. Feigenbaum, J. Ledergerg, and C. Djerassi, 1976已实现模型:DENRAL。DENRAL是一个专家系统,它通过从实验数据中生成和测试假设来分析和辨别化合物。Meta-DENRAL——一个DENRAL的组件——已经发现了如何合成以前未知的化合物甚至全新的化学分析法则。有一部刊物专门介绍之。
(Supporting 115) 118. Carl Hempel, 1985Computers can't introduce new terms or explanatory principles. A computer cannot be original because it cannot introduce new theoretical terms or principles. Computers' discoveries are limited to those that can be expressed using the program's fixed vocabulary and conceptual apparatus. Human discovery, by contrast, involves the introduction of new terms and principles that cannot be defined in terms of those previously available.
《作为技术人员出现场,感触颇多》
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Issue Area:Can computers reason scientifically?
(支持116)Harry Collins, 1964社会测试。社会化的重要性可以通过“社会测试”来演示,它是图灵测试的一个变种。在这个测试中,人和计算机均被指派翻译一段被弄乱的英语文字。两者都被要求更正其中错误并将其重新翻译成正确的英语文本。如果一个评判人不能分辨哪个更正文本是由人类完成,哪个是有计算机完成的,那么机器就通过了这个社会化测试。注:了解更多关于图灵测试,见第二图。
像这样的限制登录功能,从目前项目的运行来看,给我的感觉基本上就是“弃之可惜,食之无味”。
(Supporting 121) 122. Pat Langley, Hubert Simon, Gary Bradshaw, and Jan Zytkow, 1987Implemented Model:BACON. A program for discovering laws from data by applying heuristics. BACON has discovered Kepler's law of planetary motion, Galileo's law of uniform acceleration, and Ohm's law of electrical resistance.Note:The history of BACON is complex and extends back into the 1960s.
(Disputing 115) 121. Computers have already reasoned scientifically. Computer systems exist that have reasoned as scientists do, proposing explanatory hypotheses and choosing among them.
I have to come back to the preparation for my part of the application demonstration tmr morning...
(End of First Map)
(反驳122)Harry Collins, 1994BACON只能在人类过滤其数据的情况下才能运作。BACON通过它和帮它筛选数据科学家的交互才能工作,因此这已经预先决定了其结果。如果人类不帮它限定数据,那么BACON是否仍旧能得出科学结论就很成问题了。被75框的“前端假设是可疑的”支持。
(反驳1)计算机不可能具有科学理性。计算机不能像人类科学家那样理性思考科学问题。
其实,单点登录,最常见的实例便是各大门户网站,在一处登录,就可以到处逛了。而限制登录,是说在一个系统中对权限用户的一种登录限制。比如不允许同一个账号多地点同时登录(可能要和ip等信息绑定)。
我们组去年上线的项目这几天要发布一个新版本,并且要把后台的登录限制做的完善一点。
但是由于考虑到用户的实际应用环境,很多时候店面客流量很大,由于操作不当很容易非正常退出系统,若是让用户为了成功再次登录后台系统,而去白白等上十几分钟,给用户的使用感受是非常不好的。若是设置Cache缓存的Timeout太小的话,有可能导致用户进行一次常操作而多次登录系统。
(Disputing 122) 123. Harry Collins, 1994BACON only works when humans filters its data.Bacon only works through its interaction with scientists who filter its data and thereby predetermine its results. If humans did not constrain its data, it is doubtful that BACON would produce any original science.Supported by "The Front-End Assumption is Dubious, " Box 75.
当用户提交登录页面表单后,我们会判断在服务器端的Cache缓存中是否有该用户账号信息存留,若有,则说明该用户正在登陆状态或非正常退出系统(我已经在“退出系统”中设置了清空服务器端的相关Cache信息)。
问题域: 计算机是不是具有科学理性?
原来对登录限制的实现方案,就是通过ajax不断的获取当前用户的状态,并将当前时间写入到数据库中,而若是再登录该用户账号,则会比较当前二者的时间差,若在一定的合适范围内,则准许登录系统。否则,提示“已经登录”。这样做其实是有一定局限性的,并且在我们的维护过程中,出现过这个问题,用户的机器突然断电,当再启动,发现一直不能登录后台系统,并提示“已经登录”。经分析得出,这就是因为我们对于登录限制的功能实现与当前系统信息耦合性过强,只是因为计算机系统时间倒退了,便导致我们的系统出现了问题。
是的,我就是用Cache来处理全局,Session来处理局部。
(Supporting 116) 117. Harry Collins, 1964The social test.The importance of socialization is demonstrated by the "social test", a variant of Turing test. In the test, a human control and a computer are both given a passage of "mucked up" English. Both the human control and the computer must correct all the errors and transliterate the passage into English. If a judge cannot tell which text was error-corrected by machine and which by the human control subject, then the machine passes this test for socialization.Note: For more on the Turing test, see Map 2.
我之所以这样设计超级用户,并且以这样的比较繁琐的操作步骤来进行Cache信息的清除,也是为了给用户一种引导,让他们从这样重复、冗余的操作中一点点规整自己的操作习惯。